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- [自創]如何讓檔案排序顯示
- 當然我們還是用 ls 來列出檔案,
所以我們先來看看 ls 的基本說明:
LinuxS:~> ls --help
Usage: /bin/ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.
-a, --all do not hide entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c sort by change time; with -l: show ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file
types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time list both full date and full time
-g (ignored)
-G, --no-group inhibit display of group information
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p)
-i, --inode print index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kilobytes like --block-size=1024
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference list entries pointed to by symbolic links
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o use long listing format without group info
-p, --file-type append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t,
version -v
status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u
--time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime, access, use, ctime or status; use
specified time as sort key if --sort=time
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u sort by last access time; with -l: show atime
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected
to a terminal (tty).
Report bugs to <bug-fileutils@gnu.org>.
ls 的用法：
ls -c 可公讓檔名順序排序 (由a到z)
ls -r 可以讓檔名反向排序 (由z到a)
ls -t 可以依照檔案修改時間排序 (由新到舊)
ls --sort=XXX 讓檔名以你指定的方式排序，XXX可以為：
extension -- 以副檔名為排序依據( 也就是 ls -X ),
none ( 也就是 ls -U ),
size -- 以檔案大小為排序依據 ( 也就是 ls -S ),
time -- 以檔案存取時間為排序依據 ( 也就是 ls -t ),
version -- 以版本為排序依據 ( 也就是 ls -v)
想要查看更多的用法嗎 ? 在 Linux 的命令列下： man ls 的指令就能看到喔:
LinuxS:~> man ls
NAME
ls, dir, vdir - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [options] [file...]
POSIX options: [-CFRacdilqrtu1]
GNU options (shortest form): [-1abcdfgiklmnopqrstuxABCD-
FGLNQRSUX] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I pattern] [--full-time]
[--format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-col-
umn}] [--sort={none,time,size,extension}]
[--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}]
[--color[={none,auto,always}]] [--help] [--version] [--]
DESCRIPTION
The program ls lists first its non-directory file argu-
ments, and then for each directory argument all listable
files contained within that directory. If no non-option
arguments are present, a default argument `.' (the current
directory) is assumed. The -d option causes directories
to be treated as non-directory arguments. A file is
listable when either its name does not start with `.', or
the -a option is given.
Each of the lists of files (that of non-directory files,
and for each directory the list of files inside) is sorted
separately according to the collating sequence in the cur-
rent locale. When the -l option is given, each list is
preceded by a summary line giving the total size of all
files in the list, measured in semi-kilobytes (512 B).
The output is to stdout, one entry per line, unless multi-
column output is requested by the -C option. However, for
output to a terminal, it is undefined whether the output
will be single-column or multi-column. The options -1 and
-C can be used to force single-column and multi-column
output, respectively.
POSIX OPTIONS
-C List files in columns, sorted vertically.
-F Suffix each directory name with `/', each FIFO name
with `|', and each name of an executable with `*'.
-R Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
-a Include files with a name starting with `.' in the
listing.
-c Use the status change time instead of the modifica-
tion time for sorting (with -t) or listing (with
-l).
-d List names of directories like other files, rather
than listing their contents.
-i Precede the output for the file by the file serial
number (i-node number).
-l Write (in single-column format) the file mode, the
number of links to the file, the owner name, the
group name, the size of the file (in bytes), the
timestamp, and the filename. By default, the
timestamp shown is that of the last modification;
the options -c and -u select the other two times-
tamps. For device special files the size field is
commonly replaced by the major and minor device
numbers.
-q Output nonprintable characters in a filename as
question marks. (This is permitted to be the
default for output to a terminal.)
-r Reverse the order of the sort.
-t Sort by the timestamp shown.
-u Use the time of last access instead of the modifi-
cation time for sorting (with -t) or listing (with
-l).
-1 For single-column output.
GNU DETAILS
If standard output is a terminal, the output is in columns
(sorted vertically).
dir (also installed as d) is equivalent to `ls -C'; that
is, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
cally. vdir (also installed as v) is equivalent to `ls
-l'; that is, files are by default listed in long format.
GNU OPTIONS
-1, --format=single-column
List one file per line. This is the default for
when standard output is not a terminal.
-a, --all
List all files in directories, including all files
that start with `.'.
-b, --escape
Quote nongraphic characters in file names using
alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
used in C.
-c, --time=ctime, --time=status
Sort directory contents according to the files'
status change time (the `ctime' in the inode). If
the long listing format is being used (-l) print
the status change time instead of the modification
time.
-d, --directory
List names of directories like other files, rather
than listing their contents.
-f Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. Also
enables -a and disables -l, --color, and -s if they
were specified before the -f.
-g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
-i, --inode
Print the inode number (also called the file serial
number and index number) of each file to the left
of the file name. (This number uniquely identifies
each file within a particular filesystem)
-k, --kilobytes
If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
bytes.
-l, --format=long, --format=verbose
In addition to the name of each file, print the
file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
modification time unless other times are selected).
For files with a time that is more than 6 months
old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times-
tamp contains the year instead of the time of day.
For each directory that is listed, preface the
files with a line `total blocks', where blocks is
the total disk space used by all files in that
directory. By default, 1024-byte blocks are used;
if the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set,
512-byte blocks are used (unless the -k option is
given). The blocks computed counts each hard link
separately; this is arguably a deficiency.
The permissions listed are similar to symbolic mode
specifications but ls combines multiple bits into
the third character of each set of permissions
s If the setuid or setgid bit and the corre-
sponding executable bit are both set.
S If the setuid or setgid bit is set but the
corresponding executable bit is not set.
t If the sticky bit and the other-executable
bit are both set.
T If the sticky bit is set but the other-exe-
cutable bit is not set.
x If the executable bit is set and none of the
above apply.
- Otherwise.
-m, --format=commas
List files horizontally, with as many as will fit
on each line, each separated by a comma and a
space.
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
-o Produce long format directory listings, but don't
display group information. It is equivalent to
using --format=long --no-group. This option is
provided for compatibility with other versions of
ls.
-p Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type. This is like -F except that executables
aren't marked.
-q, --hide-control-chars
Print question marks instead of nongraphic charac-
ters in file names. This is the default.
-r, --reverse
Sort directory contents in reverse order.
-s, --size
Print the size of each file in 1024-byte blocks to
the left of the file name. If the environment
variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks
are used instead, unless the -k option is given.
-t, --sort=time
Sort by modification time (the `mtime' in the
inode) instead of alphabetically, with the newest
files listed first.
-u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=use
Sort directory contents according to the files'
last access time instead of the modification time
(the `atime' in the inode). If the long listing
format is being used, print the last access time
instead of the modification time.
-w, --width cols
Assume the screen is cols columns wide. The
default is taken from the terminal driver if possi-
ble; otherwise the environment variable COLUMNS is
used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
-x, --format=across, --format=horizontal
List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
-A, --almost-all
List all files in directories, except for `.' and
`..'.
-B, --ignore-backups
Do not list files that end with `~', unless they
are given on the command line.
-C, --format=vertical
List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is
the default if standard output is a terminal. It is
always the default for dir and d.
-D, --dired
With the long listing (-l) format, print an addi-
tional line after the main output:
//DIRED// BEG1 END1 BEG2 END2 ...
The BEGn and ENDn are unsigned integers which
record the byte position of the beginning and end
of each file name in the output. This makes it easy
for Emacs to find the names, even when they contain
unusual characters such as space or newline, with-
out fancy searching.
If directories are being listed recursively (-R),
output a similar line after each subdirectory:
//SUBDIRED// BEG1 END1 ...
-F, --classify, --file-type
Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type. For regular files that are executable,
append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
`=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
-G, --no-group
Inhibit display of group information in a long for-
mat directory listing.
-I, --ignorepattern
Do not list files whose names match the shell pat-
tern pattern (not regular expression) unless they
are given on the command line. As in the shell, an
initial `.' in a filename does not match a wildcard
at the start of pattern.
-L, --dereference
List the file information corresponding to the
referrents of symbolic links rather for the links
themselves.
-N, --literal
Do not quote file names.
-Q, --quote-name
Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
graphic characters as in C.
-R, --recursive
List the contents of all directories recursively.
-S, --sort=size
Sort directory contents by file size instead of
alphabetically, with the largest files listed
first.
-T, --tabsize cols
Assume that each tabstop is cols columns wide. The
default is 8. ls uses tabs where possible in the
output, for efficiency. If cols is zero, do not use
tabs at all.
-U, --sort=none
Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. (The dif-
ference between -Uand-f is that the former doesn't
disable or enable options.) This is especially use-
ful when listing very large directories, since not
doing any sorting can be noticeably faster.
-X, --sort=extension
Sort directory contents alphabetically by file
extension (characters after the last `.'); files
with no extension are sorted first.
--color[=when]
Specify whether to use color for distinguishing
file types. Colors are specified using the LS_COL-
ORS environment variable. For information on how
to set this variable, see dircolors(1). when may
be omitted, or one of:
none Do not use color at all. This is the
default.
auto Only use color if standard output is a
terminal.
always Always use color. Specifying --color and no
when is equivalent to --color=always.
--full-time
List times in full, rather than using the standard
abbreviation heuristics. The format is the same as
date(1)'s default; it's not possible to change
this, but you can extract out the date string with
cut(1) and then pass the result to `date -d'.
This is most useful because the time output
includes the seconds. (Unix filesystems store file
timestamps only to the nearest second, so this
option shows all the information there is.) For
example, this can help when you have a Makefile
that is not regenerating files properly.
GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help Print a usage message on standard output and exit
successfully.
--version
Print version information on standard output, then
exit successfully.
-- Terminate option list.
ENVIRONMENT
The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of
unit. If it is not set, then the variable TABSIZE deter-
mines the number of chars per tab stop. The variable
COLUMNS (when it contains the representation of a decimal
integer) determines the output column width (for use with
the -C option). Filenames must not be truncated to make
them fit a multi-column output. The variables LANG,
LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES and LC_TIME have
the usual meaning. The variable TZ gives the time zone
for time strings written by ls. The variable LS_COLORS is
used to specify the colors used.
BUGS
On BSD systems, the -s option reports sizes that are half
the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-
UX systems. On HP-UX systems, ls reports sizes that are
twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted
from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also
affects the HP-UX ls program.
CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2
SEE ALSO
dircolors(1)
NOTES
This page describes ls as found in the fileutils-3.16
package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail correc-
tions and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi
and ragnar@lightside.ddns.org . Report bugs in the pro-
gram to fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.
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